Managerial Economics National Income - 2704 Words

Assaignment topics: Nature , conceps , measurement of nation income Classical and Keynes approaches nATIONAL INCOM E: ----The t otal sum of goods and services produced by t he people of a count ry wit h t he help of capit als and national resources called Nat ional Income (Prof. Alfred Marshall) We can define Nat ional Income as t he collective achievement of a nat ion. In t his way, t he Nat ional Income is t he aggregat e of t he individual incomes. (Prof. Gardner Ackley) Nat ional Income is t he basic concept of economic, which refers t o t he market value of t he goods and services produced during a part icular year. (Prof. Richard Lipsy) CONCEPTS OF NATIONAL INCOme ----1.GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUct Total value of output (goods and†¦show more content†¦Instead of looking so much |i|CLASSICAL ECONOMISTS-economists who | |at individual people and businesses and their economic decisions, macroeconomics deals with the |c|believe in no government regulation | |overall pattern of the economy. To star with, we will look at two main groups of economists: the |]|of the economy | |Classical Economists and the Keynesian Economists. Classical economists generally think that the | |KEYNESIAN ECONOMISTS-economists who | |market, on its own, will be able to adjust while Keynesian economists believe that the government | |believe in government regulation of | |must step in to solve problems. The two camps have differing ideas on the causes and solutions of | |the economy | |unemployment. The Classical economists believe that unemployment is caused by excess supply, which | | | |is caused by the high price level of labor. Based on supply and demand, when wages are held too high| | | |by social and politicalShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Economic Condition Of A Business Organization1433 Words   |  6 Pagesinfluenced by the formation of economy. Economics is the fact that can establish or demolish a business. 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We will look closer at and critically evaluate the issues involved in the representation

Analysis Of Cathedral And The Handsomest Man Drowned

Point of view is an integral tool that is used by authors to express an individual’s feelings, emotions, and thoughts throughout the story. It gives the reader an understanding of a character’s development. The first person point of view is limited to one character as it draws the reader into the mind of one character’s thoughts and emotions. Third person narration may be omniscient or limited. The third person omniscient tells the story in which the narrator is aware of the thoughts and feelings of all the characters, while limited third person is restricted to the thoughts of certain characters. The use of the first person narration and third person limited omniscient may at first seem restraining because it only presents one or a limited number of character’s thoughts and feeling. However, the use of first person narration in â€Å"Cathedral† and the use of limited third person perspective in â€Å"The Handsomest Man Drowned in the World,† is effective because both provides a deeper insight into character’s feelings, thoughts, and opinions. These choices of narration also aid a reader in relating to the characters, and helps convey the central theme of the story. First person narrators are the characters who have very limited knowledge about other characters and convey the story in the perspective of â€Å"I† and â€Å"we.† In â€Å"Cathedral,† Carver uses the first person narration to reveal information about the narrator’s personality. The opening scene of the story makes it apparent that the

Sanitation Facilities Free Essays

Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces. An improved sanitation facility is one that hygienically separates human excreta from human contact. Improved sanitation generally involves physically closer facilities, less waiting time, and safer disposal of excreta. We will write a custom essay sample on Sanitation Facilities or any similar topic only for you Order Now Poor sanitation is responsible for one of the heaviest existing disease burdens worldwide. The diseases associated with poor sanitation and unsafe water account for about 10% of the global burden of disease. The most common disease of poor health associated with poor sanitation is a diarrhoeal disease. Globally, about 1. 7 million people die every year from diarrhoeal diseases, and 90% are children under 5 years of age, mostly in developing countries. 88% percent of cases of diarrhoeal diseases worldwide are attributable to unsafe water, inadequate sanitation, and poor hygiene. In this essay I will analyse the economic benefits of sanitation, the economic disadvantages, the link between a rise in GDP and the access to sanitation in regions all over the world including Asia, Africa, Europe and North America. I will do this by analysing data set curves which I have obtained from a various amount of sources such as national journals, reports and articles relating to this subject. I will be using data sets from the UNEP and carrying out multiple regressions. Finally I will be looking at the Environmental Kuznets model to see whether it applies to this relationship between economic growth and the access to sanitation. According to 2010 figures, approximately 2 billion people do not use improved sanitation facilities, two-thirds of which live in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. By looking at Figure 1 we can see that it is in the developed regions such as North America and parts of Europe where people have a good access to sanitation, while on the other hand it is the mostly the developing regions such as Asia and sub-Saharan Africa with the poor access to sanitation. This figure already makes the relationship between economic development and access to sanitation vaguely clear. The Asian and African regions would be a good place to have a look at this relationship even more closely; this is because over the past few decades, countries in the Asian regions such as China have undergone a huge advance in economic growth while on the other hand there has been little or non-existent economic growth in the African regions. Asia is the world’s fastest growing economic region. China is the largest economy in Asia and the second largest economy in the world. Moreover, Asia is the site of some of the world’s longest economic booms and by looking at Figure 2 it is evident to see that over the past few decades there has been a dramatic rise in the GDP of Asia but very little in the GDP of Africa. Now by looking at Figure 3 which is a graph showing the level of improved drinking/safe water coverage, improved as in drinking-water sources such as piped water to the house or yard, public taps and rainwater collection. Improved sanitation facilities including flush or pour-flush toilets connected to a piped sewer system. By looking at this we can see that in Asia there has also been a dramatic rise in the access to unpolluted water which is a positive relation to the GDP. I gathered the data which is on Figures 2 and 3 onto excel and carried out a regression analysis for the Asian region to help understand to what extent the strength in the relationship between the dependent variable (GDP) and the independent variable (Sanitation) which is shown on Figure 4. By looking at the R squared we can see that this model has a strong explanatory power as it is very close to 1. According to the coefficient we can also see that every time the GDP increases by $50billion, there is an increase of almost 3. 4 million people with improved access to sanitation. Poor sanitation results in an economic loss as it is linked with the costs of treatment to sanitation related diseases and income which is lost through productivity. Furthermore poor sanitation can also lead to a loss of time and effort as a result of poor facilities, lower quality of products due to poor quality of water and of course a dramatically reduced income coming from tourism as there is a great risk of disease. According to various studies from the WHO (World Health Organisation), there has been evidence that there are huge economic costs which arise from the poor sanitation. At a global level there is a loss of around $40billion per year due to poor sanitation; looking at South Asia alone we can see that in places such as Indonesia, Vietnam and Cambodia there is a loss of around $10billion a year, the key impacts of this came about from poor health and tourism, poor sanitation can affect everyone but especially effects those who are poor (Hutton, 2007). Several studies have also been conducted to estimate the economic costs associated with poor sanitation. In Ghana and Pakistan, for example, the indirect effect on child mortality of environmental risk has added more than 40% to the cost of directly caused child mortality. If one took into account the effect of such malnutrition, they will be able to see the huge impact on impairing school performance and delayed entry into the labour market, the cost would double to around 10% of the GDP. Improvement to sanitation can bring various types of benefits to an economy, one of which are the direct benefits of preventing or avoiding illnesses as there would be no money spent on healthcare treating patients with diseases due to sanitation. There will also be indirect benefits such as a decrease in the amount of work days absent being sick and longer life, and finally and very importantly there will be a lot of time saved. As we have seen already, sanitation is also important when it comes to economic development. In Africa many young women are dying every year as they are the ones which carry the polluted water, they are also then forced to drop out of education during puberty years in order to look after their sick children as a result of the polluted water, this means that women are not able to be educated and they can even find it difficult to join the labour supply. Every 10% raise in female literacy (due to increased attendance at school) a nation’s economy can grow by around 0. 3% (Dollar et al, 1999). According to Hutton (2008) there could be an estimated that annual investments of around $27million in Tanzania and Vietnam would result in benefits of around $70million for the health sector alone. Hutton also estimated that there is a potential to save around $6billion in many parts of Asia if improved sanitation can be introduced. Overall Hutton stated that there are many costs and benefits available however the benefits still do overpower the costs. Moreover, the Disease Control Priorities Project recently found that hygiene promotion to prevent diarrhoea was the most cost-effective health intervention in the world at only $3. 35 per DALY loss averted, with sanitation promotion following closely behind at just $11. 15 per DALY loss averted. This is to say that economic growth and sanitation for sure have a strong relationship within one another; this can be shown on the environmental Kuznets curve. The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) is a relationship between income and pollution which is hypothesized to have an inverted U-shape. The idea of an inverted U-shaped Kuznets curve stems from the Kuznets’ work in income equality (Kuznets, 1955). The EKC hypothesis states that as income increases pollution goes up initially but after certain time pollution eventually declines. The point at which pollution level is the highest is called a turning point. This then evidently applies to developing countries as they are the ones which have the higher levels of income. Looking at Figure 5 we can see that in Europe up to the year 2000 water pollution was on a rise, however sometime in the year 2000 there was a turning point where the pollution of water started to decline. According to the Kuznets curve, in the year 2000 the economies within Europe produced a certain GDP and a certain GDP per capita which led to the decline of the water pollution. According to Figure 6 in the year 2000 the turning point on the Kuznets curve was at $18000 per capita, this is the level of GDP per capita needed in the European region in order to reverse the trend of water pollution. Looking back at Figure 5 we can also see that in the North American region up till 1998 there was an increase of water pollution however sometime in 1998, just like in Europe, people’s incomes were growing and GDP per capita was on a rise. Looking at Figure 6, according to the EKC, GDP per capita in North America will be at $36000 which is where there will be a turning point. Both the EKC’s for Europe and for North America are shown on Figure 7. This analysis clearly tells us that the relationship between the two is dependable on the economic stages of development. In the other regions around the world there will not be a turning point on the EKC as people do not earn enough to have this effect, good sanitation facilities are the main way in which water pollution can decrease, more developed economies around the world have the funds to invest in good sanitation, however as we have discussed, the less developed countries do not have access to these sanitation facilities therefore their economies are heavily impacted and the funds for the technology needed to provide improved sanitation are hard to come by, therefore these countries are on the upwards slope of the EKC meaning they have not yet achieved the GDP per capita in order to have a turning point. I have aimed to show the various ways in which sanitation is fundamental to good health and also economic development. Given the data I have analysed, I can surely state that the investment in improved sanitation would be beneficial to an economy. Ultimately, I can say that there is a strong relationship in economic growth and access to sanitation and I can also say that the EKC does apply to the water pollution we have in the real world. Finally I can also say that the level of the turning point also depends on the stages of economic development. How to cite Sanitation Facilities, Papers

Allen Stanford Ponzi Scheme

Question: Discuss about the Allen Stanford Ponzi Scheme. Answer: Introduction Ponzi scheme started back in 1919 when Charles Ponzi tried to take advantage of existing arbitrage in the price of International Postal Reply Coupon between Spain and the United States. Ponzi scheme is a type of investment fraud where the illusion is created for solvency of the company by paying off the early investors with the money collected from the fresh investors and the loop continues (Holder 2016). The organizers of Ponzi scheme attract the fresh investors by promising high returns with no or little risk (Frankel 2012). The focus of Ponzi scheme is to keep creating new investors. This gives a loose end to the scheme. There must be a continuous flow of new investors and money to keep the trust of early investors by paying them off their expected return, and if it fails then the entire, Ponzi scheme collapses (Sheffrin 2013). The two main reasons can be identified for an unsuccessful Ponzi scheme: first if no new investors are created and second if large numbers of early investors ask for liquidation or back-out from the scheme (Will 2012). The scheme is highlighted with the recent fraudulent activities in U.S.A., especially in case if Allen Stanford. Background of Allen Stanford Allen Stanford was born in Mexia, Texas on 24 March 1950. He completed his BA degree in Finance from Baylor University in Waco, Texas. Allens father and grandfather together established the Stanford Financial in 1932, which was later on taken over by Allen himself. Allen got a bright opportunity in 1983 when there was a Texas oil bubble burst. There was a sudden decline in the house prices by approx. 22% in Houston (Rushe 2012). Allen took advantage of this situation and bought real estate at cheaper rates from the banks that needed liquidity. In fact, Stanford Financial was the only company to buy real estate during this declining phase. Over the period of 10 years, the economy recovered and Allen made huge money with those real estates. This gave a massive capital improvement to the company and from there Allen took on the path of fraudulent activities (Mullenix 2013). Stanford Group Company, subsidiary of Stanford Financial Group was established in 1995 and was registered under Securities and Exchange Board (SEB) as a broker-dealer and investment advisor. The company pursued the investors to sell Certificate of Deposits (CDs) in Stanford International Bank with a guarantee that the U.S. securities have insured these CDs. However, none of the CDs was insured. The investors, if asked for any details, were manipulated and misguided by Stanford. He promised the investors of greater returns with no risk. The most astonishing part of this scheme is that despite several warnings the authorities did not take any major step and turned blindfolded (West 2014). U.S. Regulatory and Allen Stanford The $7 billion fraud by Allen Stanford has been hinted to the government much earlier than it was actually taken into account. Allen was able to survive so long without any interference from the regulatory authority as he had invested in the regulatory protection, thus, he was never questioned as to how he could pay such huge dividends, even though it raised high suspicion. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has been give four warning regarding the suspicious activity in the Stanford Financial Group; however, the investigation never took place (Deason, Rajgopal and Waymire 2015.). The SEC gave various reasons for not conducting the investigation. The main reasons are as- the complexity of the case, other cases that were of high priority and lack of experienced officials to conduct such big and time-consuming case (Andrew Alderson 2017). The enforcement director of SEC, Spencer Barasch was in full support of Allen Stanford. He discouraged or terminated all the cases related to Stanford that came to SEC. In addition, he once asked Stanford if there is anything wrong and just relied on the verbal comment and closed the case without further investigation (Forbes.com 2017). However, he denies such accusations now, but the facts cannot be overlooked. These drawbacks in the regulatory system helped Stanford to carry on with huge fraudulent activities for such a long period. On 15 January 2012, U.S Justice Department charged Barasch for blocking the investigation of Stanford thrice and made him pay $50000 as fine (Forbes.com 2017). Business culture of Allen Stanford SEC has accused Stanford of misguiding and manipulating investors by saying that the CDs are insured and is being invested in the risk free securities whereas the same has been invested in the real estate and non-liquid equity. The point to note is that the money was indeed invested. Stanford adopted the advertising policy where it was clearly mentioned that the investments made by the investors would be invested in an alternative investments. This advertisement is nowhere deceiving in nature (Ibrahim 2017). It may so happen that the liquid investment converts into the frozen one in few years. In addition, the higher rate of interest on CDs guaranteed by Allen Stanford cannot raise much suspicion as even banks as Citibank offers a guaranteed rate of interest on CDs. The only difference that exists is in case of decline in the investment, where the investors of Citibank get their guaranteed return from the government but investors of Stanford did not have such backup (Forbes.com 2017) . These policies of Allen Stanford helped him run his fraudulent activities without any suspicion. Moreover, not just the investors, even the worker or employees of Stanford Financial Group were unaware of the fraud existing in the company (Adelmann 2017). Allen Stanford made them believe that the investment in genuine. This was his biggest victory as if the employees cannot sense the fraud, there was no scope for the investors would do so. In the interview with the Forbes, many employees agreed of their unawareness about the fraud practices. However, they believed that there was something secretive about Allen Stanford but that never raised a suspicion of fraud among the employees (Forbes.com 2017). Some of the illegal practices that were followed by the Stanford that kept him continue with the fraud are as: He prohibited the financial advisors from filing of the mandatory security form for those clients that had IRA accounts having the CDs of Stanford International Bank. He never informed the IRA account holders about the criminal and civil penalties that can bestow on them for non-filling of of mandatory security form. He violated the FINRA (Financial Industry Regulatory Authority) as he misleads the potential investors by purposely overstating the individuals asset value. He destroyed all the electronic data during the SEC investigation to cover his fraud. Exposure of Allen Stanford The following are the reasons for the detection of Stanfords fraud Returns that were too good to consider true The failure of government to detect the Madoffs Ponzi scheme created an alarming situation. The government was more alarmed towards any investment scheme that offered a good interest on a constant basis. The fact that Stanford was registered both as broker dealer and investment advisor with the Antiguan Bank offering high rate of interest without any significant risk was too good to believe for anyone. This was similar to the one of the biggest Ponzi scheme fraud by Madoff. Therefore, SEC finally conducted an investigation on Stanford and presented him before the court (Hauge 2014). Complex Structure of Investment The four investigations that were manipulated by the enforcement officer of the SEC were held on 1997, 1998, 2002 and 2004. Even though the results were manipulated and hidden from the government, each of them concluded the same thing that in no circumstances the return offered by Stanford can be earned from normal investment scheme (Stecklow 2017). This was similar to the previous instances of Ponzi scheme and fraudulent activities. In 2005, the leadership of SEC changed and the investigation against Stanford was reopened. SEC challenged Stanford in court after the confession of Bernie Madoff and thus the Ponzi scheme collapsed (Sher 2016). Legal proceedings of Allen Stanford The case of Allen Stanford involves big scandal and fraud of $7 billion and thus there were many legal proceedings on the case. In 2012, Allen Stanford was convicted for practicing the Ponzi scheme since last 20 years. Stanford was sentenced for an imprisonment of 110 years. The court also claimed that the 29 financial accounts that was located abroad having total net worth of $330 million were fraud and were forfeited(Justice.gov 2017). Even though the sentence has been given, this case is an open case. Allen Stanford has filed a petition on the Supreme Court to challenge the decision. However, the Supreme Court has denied the petition of Stanford and the sentence of 2012 still beholds. Stanford has given a 299 pages brief description stating fifteen reasons to set him free. Stanford argues that the company did not do any fraud and it was because of the government that the prestige of Stanford Financial Group was destroyed and the value of company went down. The lawyers on behalf of Stanford claims that Stanford had been received the returns on the investment of the investors but the accusation of SEC had made the investors to lose faith on the company that resulted in the collapse of entire business (Justice.gov 2017). The claims made by Stanford are not considered true. All the victims who have invested in the company by having a good faith on Stanford have not received any thing in return and are facing severe losses. Thus, the appeals made by Stanford are in no ways justified. This is the reason even the Supreme Court denies the plea of Stanford to reconsider his sentence. Ever since the scandal of Stanford had been detected in the year 2009, approx 176 investors died due to the immense loss they suffered. It was disclosed that the CDs issued by Stanford was not secured and neither was it invested in any liquid securities as conveyed to the investors. The investors money were invested in the real estate for the own benefits of Stanford. The loss of investors have not yet been recovered and they have got only 1 penny for every 1 $ invested by the investors, that shows the intensity of the loss suffered due to Stanfords fraudulent activities. Stanfords victims are eagerly waiting for the court to finally close the case and take strict actions against Stanford and recovery of their investment. This grief of the investors is a proof of the fraud by Stanford and justifies the fact that the claims made by Stanford are baseless and cannot be hold good (Liptak 2017. Conclusion Allen Stanford has given the second biggest Ponzi scheme fraud by making 30000 investors to invest in the CDs offered by him and involving a fraud of $7 billion. This fraud is considered one of the worst till date as it includes so many investors and the recovery of each investors has only been a penny of every dollar invested. The cash crunch and decline in asset value of Stanford Financial Group has affected the ultimate recovery of investors money. This loss suffered could have been control had this fraud been detected early. The Ponzi scheme has a very similar nature is all situations so there must be a strict regulations to check any suspicious activities that hints toward such fraudulent activities. This huge fraud has shown the position of regulatory authority and created an alarming situation for them to stop any such upcoming fraud. It has become important to have s strict check on any kind of suspicious investment scheme and take appropriate actions. It is also important to take a fast decisions in matter related to such big frauds. The proceeding of Stanford has been going on since long time and the case is still open. The judiciary system should be stronger to take necessary actions on a fast track basis to prevent loss of economy in the future. Not only this, but also the awareness is to be created among the investors so that they do not make investment in such fraudulent scheme and are much more careful regarding any other investment plans. References Adelmann, B. (2017).Allen Stanfords Ponzi Scheme a Study on Regulatory Capture. [online] Thenewamerican.com. Available at: https://www.thenewamerican.com/usnews/crime/item/7595-allen-stanford-s-ponzi-scheme-a-study-on-regulatory-capture [Accessed 10 Jan. 2017]. Andrew Alderson, a. (2017).Sir Allen Stanford: how the small-town Texas boy evaded scrutiny to become a big-time 'fraudster'. [online] Telegraph.co.uk. Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financetopics/sir-allen-stanford/4742924/Sir-Allen-Stanford-how-the-small-town-Texas-boy-evaded-scrutiny-to-become-a-big-time-fraudster.html [Accessed 10 Jan. 2017]. Deason, S., Rajgopal, S. and Waymire, G.B., 2015. Who gets swindled in Ponzi schemes?.Available at SSRN 2586490. Forbes.com. (2017). Forbes Welcome. [online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnwasik/2012/03/07/stanfords-ponzi-scam-the-system-is-still-broken/#52d3bb4b14c9 [Accessed 10 Jan. 2017]. Forbes.com. (2017).Forbes Welcome. [online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanvardi/2012/06/15/allen-stanford-spain-jamie-dimon-and-the-power-of-deposit-insurance/#22e842e473a [Accessed 10 Jan. 2017]. Forbes.com. (2017).Forbes Welcome. [online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanvardi/2012/03/06/allen-stanford-convicted-in-7-billion-ponzi-scheme/#5e17d6ba2b08 [Accessed 10 Jan. 2017]. Frankel, T., 2012.The Ponzi scheme puzzle: A history and analysis of con artists and victims. Oxford University Press. Hague, D.R., 2014. Expanding the Ponzi Scheme Presumption.DePaul L. Rev.,64, p.867. Holder, F., 2016.Integrity in Business: Developing Ethical Behavior Across Cultures and Jurisdictions. CRC Press. Ibrahim, J. (2017).Allen Stanford: Descent from Billionaire to Inmate # 35017-183. [online] CNBC. Available at: https://www.cnbc.com/id/49276842 [Accessed 10 Jan. 2017]. Justice.gov. (2017).PENDING CRIMINAL DIVISION CASES | CRIMINAL-VNS | Department of Justice. [online] Available at: https://www.justice.gov/criminal-vns/case/stanfordr [Accessed 10 Jan. 2017]. Liptak, A. (2017).Supreme Court Permits Investor Lawsuits in Stanford Fraud. [online] Nytimes.com. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/27/us/politics/supreme-court-permits-investor-lawsuits-in-stanford-fraud.html?rref=collection%2Ftimestopic%2FStanford%2C%20Robert%20Allen_r=0 [Accessed 14 Jan. 2017]. Mullenix, L.S., 2013. The $7 Billion Stanford Ponzi Scheme: Class Litigation Against Third-Party Actors Under the Securities Litigation Uniform Standards Act. Rushe, D., 2012. Allen Stanford guilty of $7 bn Ponzi scheme.The Guardian. Sheffrin, S.M., 2013. Restitution for Ponzi Scheme Victims: The Symbiotic Relationship of Tax and Securities Laws. Sher, Y., 2016.Branding in Ponzi investment schemes(Doctoral dissertation, The IIE). Stecklow, S. (2017). Hard Sell Drove Stanford's Rise and Fall. [online] WSJ. Available at: https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123871796188984821 [Accessed 10 Jan. 2017]. West, H., 2014. Ponzi Scheme. Will, S., 2012. Americas ponzi culture.How they got away with it: White collar criminals and the financial meltdown, pp.45-67.

North American Free Trade Agreement

Introduction The NorthAmerican free trade agreement (NAFTA) is a trade agreement between the United States, Canada and Mexico. Effected in the year 1994, the agreement substituted the former Canada-United States free trade agreement which only involved the two countries.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on North American Free Trade Agreement specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper seeks to discuss how the formation of the North American free Trade Agreement affected politics and economies of the three countries: Canada, Mexico and the United States. The paper will discuss the backgroundto the formation of the agreement, its terms and the effects that the agreement has impacted in the politics and the economies of three member countries. Background of NAFTA Prior to the formation of the North American Free Trade Agreement, there existed a trade agreement between the United States and Canada. The agreement that seemed to isolate Mexico saw the country of Mexico adjust its structures and systems towards international trade in order to resolve its economic crisis due to destabilized oil prices and overwhelming foreign debts that Mexico had been experiencing since the 1980s.Being drawn to international trade and the move that saw Mexico join the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) forced Mexico to review its regulations and terms to international trade. The economic reforms done through reduction of trade barriers, in a bid to comply with the globalization wave, motivated Mexico to trade agreements besides the normal international trade. This consequently led to the readiness of Mexico to forge an economic bloc with the already established Canada- United States free trade agreement. This led to the formation of the North American Free Trade Agreement that was established in the year 1992 (Kehoe 1). Terms of the North American Free Trade Agreement The free trade agreement made between the three countries had provisions to help achieve theobjectives of a free trade bloc and regulations to help protect industries in the countries in terms of competitive advantage. The agreement had provisions to protect patent rights and curb production of counterfeit goods. Generally, the aim of the agreement was to improve trade among the three countries by total removal of tariffs and other limitations to international trade such as international trade formalities and requirements. One of the provisions of the trade agreement was that the trade among the three countries was to be free from government policies which control international trade. It also provided for freedom to â€Å"cross boarder services rules† (Trade1).Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This meant that companies and organizations within the three countries had the freedom to cho ose their trade locations free from control by any of the governments. The agreement also provided for universal access to governments’procurement processes in the three countries to enable suppliers bid for any public tenders in any of the countries without limitations. The agreement also provided for the adoption and use of similar customs rules in the three countries. In its terms, the North American Free Trade Agreement provided â€Å"protection against unjustified actions† (Trade1) by any country against traders from other member countries. It also ensured provisions for â€Å"fairness for investors† among its member states. Under these provisions, the modes for undertaking a â€Å"safeguard action† was outlined with a further provision that any such actions required compensation to any member country affected by the action. The terms of the agreement also provided for â€Å"environmentally sound investments† (Trade1), protection to service pr oviding companies and protection to â€Å"intellectual rights† among others (Trade1). Economic Impacts of NAFTA on its Member Countries The formation and implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement had economic impacts on the countries owing to the fact that barriers to trade were eliminated increasing the volume of trade among the three countries. Mexico and NAFTA With consideration to the trade activities between the United States and Mexico, there were significant impacts in the Mexican economy derived from the liberalized trade. In general terms, the trade agreement brought significant benefits to the Mexican economy. In a research conducted by the World Bank in the year 2005, it was realized that in its contribution to the Mexican economy, the North American Free Trade Agreement improved the development levels in Mexico. The study actually compared the developments in Mexico at the time to that of the United States. This can be viewed as boost to the Mexica n economy taking into consideration that Mexico was in an economic crisis two decades earlier. The liberalized trade, according to the World Bank study, improved the technology in the Mexican industrial sector.The subsequent expansion of the sector together with the improved technology improved the â€Å"number and quality of jobs†(Villareal 17).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on North American Free Trade Agreement specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The trade liberalization also exposed the three member states to the sensitivity to each other’s economies. The free transfer of goods and services among the countries has the impact of transferring economic implications together with the flow of goods and services. An increase in the price of raw materials in one country will impact on the price of the end product of the resource. This will be transferred to the other countries inducing its impact in the destination country. It has also been established that the trade agreement was fundamental in the Mexican economic recovery that was realized in the year 1995. Through the terms of the trade agreement, Mexico reformed its economic policies. This move boosted the confidence of foreign investors and as a result attracted investments into the country. With respect to the reports from World Bank, Mexico has overwhelmingly experienced economic developments and the improved economic status is attributed to the North American Trade Agreement. The trade agreement also contributed to average change in the wages in Mexico. It is noted that with the enactment of the North American Free Trade Agreement, the wage rate offered in Mexico increased steadily between the years 1990 and 2000. The wage rate has since then been fluctuating along a mean rate (Villareal 18).Mexico has particularly been on the receiving end of the trade agreement. As a result of the increased international trade du e to the NAFTA trade agreement, the Mexican international trade increased from about thirty five percent to over sixty percent in a span of eight years. Exports in the industrial sectors have, for example, increased by about three hundred percent due to the trade liberalization induced by the trade agreement on the Mexican economy (Vazqueze and Chen 3). The United States and Canada Though more significantly felt in Mexico as compared to the United States and Canada, the North American Free Trade Agreement has had economic impacts among all its three member states.Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The effect of the agreement increased trade in the region and globally by not shifting business activities from other regions to the North America, but by creating more opportunity for business. The United States for example found a rich market for its products in Mexico. The effects of the agreement are also seen to have caused a change in employment systems in theUnited States and Canada. The change in trade patterns and the business activities due to the liberalized arrangement led to a shift from â€Å"blue collar jobs† to â€Å"white collar jobs†. This shift in the employment structure has a neutralizing effect of loss of employment opportunities in one profession and a subsequent creation of jobs in another sector of the economy. There will still be a net effect resulting from this shift in employment structure since the remuneration rates in these types of jobs are relatively different (Laursen 54). The General Impact NAFTA can be claimed to have â€Å"succeede d in boosting the three member states economic performance† (Chambers and Smith 244). There have been increased levels of international trade among the three member countries. The sensitivity created by the trade liberalization among the three countries also led to improvement of international trade between the countries and the rest of the world. Mexico, for example, adjusted from its former restrictive policies that limited international trade to economic policies that are more tolerable to international trade. The NorthAmerican Trade Agreement is also noted to have induced a generally negative impact on the trend of employment rates among the member countries. A study of the employment data trend in Mexico indicates that the job creation in Mexico that is attributed to the trade agreement affected the Mexicans in a rather negative way. The agreement,however, affected the flow of workers from the United States into Mexico; Americans are said to have flooded Mexico. This had the implication of increased competition for jobs hence displacing Mexicans from their jobs and increasing unemployment rates. A similar threat to employmentsecurity was observed in Canada on the onset of the former trade agreement between Canada and the United States. In the arrangements Canada opened its industrial sector to the more developed United States industries. The consequence was the closure of some industries in Canada in response to the competitive environment that the trade liberalization exposed the domestic industries to. These closures were consequently followed by loss of employment for the workers of the closed industries. Another impact of the regional trade liberalization was the ease of mobility of factories. This led to movement of some factories from one country to another. The significant mobility of factories would mean loss of jobs especially to the employees who for one reason or another, could not move along with the factory mobility to its new country o f location(Chambers and Smith 245). Political Impacts of the Creation of NAFTA The formation of the trade agreement called for the grass root support from the three member states. With this respect, there were movements across the three countries with differing motives. There was a move to support the establishment of the trade agreement on one side and another movement to oppose the same on the other side. The idea of establishing the agreement generated a regional political momentum that combined the three countries: Mexico, Canada and the United States. The pro trade agreement side, for example, located their office in Washington to manage the campaigns for the support of the establishment of the North American Free Trade Agreement. In the United States, for example, U.S.-NAFTA coalition was formed to unite parties that were supporting the establishment of the trade agreement. The process of establishing the agreement was itself a politicized move that saw the two camps transvers e the region in search of support to either oppose or spearhead the establishment of the trade agreement. The governments of the three countries into the agreement were also actively involved in the process of establishment the agreement. The government of Mexico, for example, provided support to the pro-NAFTA camp by giving information and other forms of support to the group. The process itself also involved politicians by the fact that the governments played a role in the establishment. This is because governments are headed by political leaders (Levi, Bruhn and Zebadua 254). Mexican Politics The relationship between Mexico and the United States which was cemented by the North American Free Trade Agreement plays an important role in the democratization of the Mexican politics. It was noted by Levi, Bruhn and Zebaduathat a number of groups in the United Statesplays a significant role in the politics of Mexico. The vested interest in the trade established by the agreement has induce d the interest of the United States to protect its market. With this respect, Levi, Bruhn and Zebaduaexpressed the view that the significant interest that the United States has in the Mexican politics is more of a move to ensure economic stability rather than political democracy. With this respect, trade agreement is seen to have induced a political impact on the two countries with Mexico being on the receiving end of the political influence by the United States. TheUnited States, therefore, manipulates or influences Mexican politics towards the economic stability of Mexico (Levi, Bruhn and Zebadua29). The political impacts of the trade agreement were anticipated long before the agreement was enforced. Cameron Maxwell and Wise Carole indicated that both the opponents and the proponents of the North American Trade Agreement had different opinions over the political impacts that the agreement would have on the three countries with specifications to Mexico being on the receiving end of political influence from both Canada and the United States. Those who supported the agreement saw the political influence as an opportunity to enhance democracy in Mexico through the influence of its two economic partners. Those who opposed the formation of the trade agreement however argued that the economic relationship will subject Mexico to being ruled by the two nations: Canada and the United States. The later election that was held in the year 2000 in Mexico, however, indicated a level of improved democracy giving credit to the argument of the proponents of the NAFTA regarding democratization of Mexico by the establishment of the trade agreement (Cameron and Wise 301). Conclusion The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is an economic agreement that was made by Canada, Mexico and theUnited Statesand was finalized in the year 1992. The economic agreement was intended to eliminate all trade barriers among the three countries. The establishment of the trade agreement has both economic and political effects among the three countries. The economic effects included increased international trade among the countries as well as changing employment trends in the countries. The political effects included political influence among the member states with the aim to safeguard the economic stability in the region. Works Cited Cameron, Maxwell and Wise, Carole. The Political impacts of NAFTA on Mexico. Works Bepress, 2004. Web. Chambers, Edward and Smith, Peter.NAFTA in the new millennium. Alberta, Canada: University of Alberta, 2002. Print. Kehoe, William. NAFTA: Concept, Problems, Promise. People Virgia, n.d. Web. Laursen, Finn. Comparative Regional Integration: Europe and Beyond. London, UK: Ashgate Publishing, 2010. Print. Levi,Daniel., Bruhn, Kathleen and Zebadua, Emilio. Mexico: the struggle for democratic development. California: University of California Press, 2006. Print. Trade.NAFTA key provisions.Trade Observatory, 2006. Web. Vazqueze, Jorge and Chen, Duanjie.The impact of NAFTA and options for tax reform in Mexico. Mexico: world Bank publications, 2001. Print. Villareal, Angeles.U.S.-Mexico Economic Relations: Trends, Issues, and Implications. Pennsylvania, PA: DIANE Publishing, 2011. Print. This research paper on North American Free Trade Agreement was written and submitted by user Lacey P. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How Does Variation Affect Manufacturing †Spanish Essay

How Does Variation Affect Manufacturing – Spanish Essay Free Online Research Papers How Does Variation Affect Manufacturing Spanish Essay The consultant warned John Fisher about the impact variation would have on manufacturing efficiency and effectiveness. Given what you have observed, how does variation affect manufacturing’s ability to replenish inventory within the prescribed lead-time in a reliable manner? What are the sources of variation that affect manufacturing? (Table 3 and 4 will be helpful here) Les sources de la variation peuvent à ªtre nombreuses. Elles peuvent à ªtre issues de la demande oà ¹ la demande agrà ©gà ©e des centres de distribution varie dans le temps et a des pics de fortes demandes et des pics de faibles demandes. Les prà ©visions de la demande ne sont pas non plus parfaites. Cela peut causer de nombreuses distorsions dans les stocks et dans les programmes de production. Ensuite, les variations peuvent à ªtre issues de la production mà ªme oà ¹ de nombreuses pannes de machines ou de nombreux changement de production peuvent affecter la capacità © de rà ©pondre efficacement la demande. Enfin, les variations peuvent issues de problà ¨mes de transport oà ¹ l’acheminement des marchandises dà ©pend de facteurs alà ©atoires. Ces variations vont empà ªcher la mise au point d’une planification de long terme cause de l’incertitude des diffà ©rents facteurs. Les produits avec une demande relativement constante (les produits prà ©cà ©demment classifià ©s produits rà ©guliers) vont à ªtre capables de fournir les donnà ©es suffisamment stables pour permettre la prà ©vision de la production de manià ¨re efficace et donc leur livraison dans les dà ©lais impartis. Les conclusions sont opposà ©es pour les produits de luxe c’est dire les produits avec une forte variation de la demande. Ces produits ont une demande relativement alà ©atoire et il est difficile d’adopter une mà ©thode efficace de prà ©vision de cette demande. De plus, la constitution de la planification suppose une demande qui se comporte selon la loi de Gauss. Dans la pratique, malgrà © une forte ressemblance, cette hypothà ¨se peut se relever fausse et plus se comporter par exemple comme une fonction alà ƒ ©atoire uniforme. La production peut aussi causer de nombreuses variations et donc provoquer une diminution de l’efficacità © de planification. Les diffà ©rents setup time, les pannes de machines et le temps de production peuvent causer un retard dans la livraison pour avoir une production efficace. Le setup time encourage une production en lot pour diminuer le temps de production. Cette production en lot risque de rendre impossible, si les lots sont trop grand, la crà ©ation des diffà ©rents produits finis demandà ©s. Les pannes de machines sont aussi la source de variations. En moyennes les machines 1 et 2 tombent respectivement en panne toutes les 80 minutes et toutes les 900 minutes et mettent 2 et environ 60 minutes pour à ªtre rà ©parer. Si la machine 2 tombe en panne, cela peut amener un retard dans la planification de production. De plus ces chiffres sont des moyennes. Il est donc possible que la machine 2 soit deux fois en panne pendant la mà ªme journà ©e. Le temps de rà ©pa ration est aussi une variable alà ©atoire. Il est donc aussi difficile de prà ©voir de manià ¨re exacte ce temps et par consà ©quent le temps de production. Le temps de production est aussi une variable alà ©atoire et par l, comme le temps de rà ©paration, peut amener des variations difficiles prà ©voir dans la planification. Enfin le transport peut à ªtre la source de variation dans la planification. Le temps de transport est compris entre deux valeurs minimum et maximum. Le temps exact de transport sera situà © entre les deux et comme la demande va crà ©er un problà ¨me pour prà ©voir la valeur. Toutes ces variations vont causer des problà ¨mes dans l’à ©tablissement d’une planification efficace ou en prà ©sence d’une planification une variation des donnà ©es pouvant rà ©sulter en une diminution de l’utilità © de cette planification. Construct the tables of orders for the North and South American regional distribution centers for Part 1 and for the required daily production minutes for part 1 for the Cincinnati factory given these lot sizing rules. What observation can you make? La demande en Amà ©rique du Nord se situe entre 100 et 150 unità ©s tous les trois ou quatre jours. La demande en Amà ©rique du Sud si situe entre 100 et 125 unità ©s tous les neuf jours environ. Globalement pour l’usine de Cincinnati, cela implique une demande entre 200 et 250 unità ©s tous les quatre cinq jours. Les minutes de production pour de telles quantità ©s sont entre 580 et 725 minutes. Ce temps de production à ©quivaut peu prà ¨s la durà ©e de travail d’une journà ©e avec des heures supplà ©mentaires (600 minutes). Pour produire les unità ©s nà ©cessaires pour la livraison, au minimum un journà ©e complà ¨te sera donc indispensable. Comme le produit 1 est le produit le plus demandà ©, il est normal qu’il occupe une place si importante de la production (prà ¨s de  ¼ de la capacità © totale de production). Research Papers on How Does Variation Affect Manufacturing - Spanish EssayBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfResearch Process Part OneTwilight of the UAWIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThe Hockey GameInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesGenetic EngineeringMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andEffects of Television Violence on Children

Porters Diamond framework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Porters Diamond framework - Essay Example The porter diamond factors of competitive advantages of a nation include; the government, factor conditions, port competition, related and supporting industry as well as the demand conditions that should be applied in all organizations so as to have high competitive advantages over their competitors. However, the framework may not be applied in most organization as it does not incorporate the multinational activities. The introduction of the generalized double diamond model has led to the significant changes within the organization. This framework takes into consideration the multinational activities whereas the porters' original diamond model takes into account the traditional home-based activities. In addition the porter's diamond framework makes an explicit connection between the geographical and the international industries therefore the industries can easily access raw materials for their company and can also market their products where they can get market for their produce. Companies gain competitive advantages through getting involved in the innovative processes within their organizations. The approaches of innovation involve use of the latest technology and gaining knowledge on how to carry out the activities of an organization effectively. The innovation processes are manifested through using new product designs, new production processes, having marketing approaches as well as conducting training campaigns within the organizations. Porter Diamond framework The Porter Diamond framework was initiated by Michael Porter and is used in determining the competitive advantages of a country or a region. According to porter 1990, it states that the competitive advantage of a country is created and sustained by going through a highly localized process. However, the diamond framework determinants of countries or regions do not necessarily contribute to the success of a country. Porter analyzed the factors that contributed to the international companies' success and why they were successful than other companies .He observed that success was as a result of implementing the porters favorable national diamonds factors. The extended porter diamond factors of competitive advantages of a nation include; the government, factor conditions, port competition, related and supporting industry as well as the demand conditions (Fuss, and Waverman, 2006). These interlinked advanced factors for the competitive advantages for countries or regions in the porters' diamond framework are; Factor conditions; Porters says that the main factors of production are created but not inherited. The specialized factors of production are capital, skilled labor and infrastructure. The general use of the factors and the non-factors such as the raw materials and unskilled labor can be easily made for a company and therefore do not generate sustained competitive advan

The dignity of difference , how to avoid the clash of civilzations. by Essay

The dignity of difference , how to avoid the clash of civilzations. by jonathan sachs - Essay Example Sacks reflects on this issue, and he recalls Jonathan Swift’s observation that we have â€Å"just enough religion to make us hate one another but not enough to make us love one another† (Sacks 4). Therefore, â€Å"the great faiths must now become an active force for peace and for the justice and compassion on which peace ultimately depends† (Sacks 4). Globalization poses a lot of challenges, because we are more aware of the presence of other cultures in the world, and there is a danger of imposing a single way of life in a plural world, which would be a mistake. The moral dimension of globalization cannot be ignored. In Sacks’ view, the moral and spiritual issues involved in globalization â€Å"are among the most important we must face if we are to enhance human dignity, improve the chances of peace and avoid Samuel Huntington’s prediction of a clash of civilizations† (Sacks 2). Sacks pretends to exorcize what he calls â€Å"Plato’s ghost†, which is universalism, or the idea of a universal truth. According to Plato, in the world of ideas, difference is resolved into sameness. This concept implicates that there is one truth on the essentials of human condition, and one possessor of the truth, while the others who think in a different manner are mistaken. The attempts to convert, cure and save others from their error have lead to some of the greatest crimes of history. Nowadays, corporate globalism promotes a uniformity of practices throughout the world, in despite of differences. The sequence of universalizing systems or regimes in Western history, from Greek and Roman civilizations, has tended to erase the local customs, cultures and languages, and it has culminated in globalization and the emergence of a universal culture. Corporate globalism takes the role of these systems in the present-day world, and it is based on the market, the media, and multinational

Are Science and Religion in Conflict Research Paper

Are Science and Religion in Conflict - Research Paper Example A quick glimpse of the topic, conflict in science and religion, using the online search engine generates more than 52 million results. This information could not clearly establish though, if indeed, conflict exists between the two divergent disciplines. The complexities by which the term religion is defined have proven the vast encompassing elements that go into its pursuit. Robinson (2011) for example, after evaluating a host of disparate definitions, arrived at this conclusion: â€Å"religion is any specific system of belief about deity, often involving rituals, a code of ethics, a philosophy of life, and a worldview" (p. 1). The simplicity by which science, on the other hand, clearly is indicated as â€Å"knowledge attained through study or practice," or "knowledge covering general truths of the operation of general laws, esp. as obtained and tested through scientific method [and] concerned with the physical world† (Science Made Simple, Inc., 2006) already signifies brewin g conflicts in terms of the possibilities of overlapping issues. In this regard, the objective of this essay is to confirm through supportive arguments from various authoritative sources that indeed, science and religion are not in conflict despite supposed overlapping and contradicting issues. Arguments Supporting Science and Religion are not Conflict From the overview of definitions of both science and religion, it is already eminent that conflicting issues exist due to their disparities in disciplines. According to Robinson (2009), science and religion are based on different foundations where â€Å"science is ultimately based on observation of nature†¦ (while) religion is largely based on faith† (p. 1). This fact is validated by Ecklund and Park (2009) when their findings supported â€Å"the idea that religion and science are in completely different spheres† (p. 290). Science deals with different areas ranging from natural sciences (study of the natural world) to social sciences (study of human behavior and society). Religion, on the other hand, has indicated from the abovementioned definition that it is a system of beliefs that encompasses a broader range of beliefs including philosophies of life and different perspectives of worldviews, depending on cultural factors and value systems. Since these two disciplines propose divergent theoretical foundations, there is no way that conflicts in interests could exist. Another supporting argument that attests that no conflict exists between science and religion is the fact that there are studies that reveal the existence of scientists with defined religious orientations who do not believe that conflicts between the two disciplines exist. In the study written by Scheitle (2011), to prove that no conflict exists, â€Å"the assumption is that, because they are the most knowledgeable about scientific matters, scientists will be most likely to demonstrate some conflict with religion if such a confli ct exists (Wuthnow, 1989, p. 143). If scientists are less religious that nonscientists, then the inference has been that there is an inherent conflict between scientific knowledge and religious belief† (Scheitle, 2011, p. 175). More importantly, and consistent with Scheitle’s study, the findings generated by Ecklund and Park from their study of Religion Among Academic Scientists (RAAS) which was completed over a three-year period from 2005 through 2007 revealed that â€Å"in contrast to research that has argued there is not an actual conflict between the knowledge framework of religion and that of science, on the basis that social scientists are le

Impact of the Sugar Regime Reform

Impact of the Sugar Regime Reform THE CAP REFORMS: 2005-2007 SOURAV ROY THE SUGAR REGIME REFORM (2005-06) The European Union (EU) forms one of the largest sugar producers in the world. This position was formed through the application of protectionist policies ranging from production and prices to exports and imports that is applicable throughout the EU. The policy that is prevalent in Europe with regard to sugar regulation is commonly known as the CMO (Common Market Organisation). Since its inception in 1968 the CMO had hardly undergone any reform. Taking into account all the reforms that the EU’s Common Agricultural programme (CAP) had gone through the 1992 MacSharry Reform, Agenda 2000, and the 2003 CAP reform- the sugar market of Europe had escaped through all the reform periods. But the 2003 reforms gave rise to certain factors which led to the need for reforming their sugar market. First the Everything-But-arms (EBA) initiative that led the EU to withdraw tariff from 48 developing countries which means that there availability of more quantity of sugar. Secondly, the sugar re gime of EU does not comply with the EU’s WTO export rules which in turn imply that EU cannot export out-of –quota sugar. Thirdly, there was addition of 10 more countries in the EU which led to the increase in the imbalance of demand and supply of sugar. The main purpose of the CMO is to ensure uninterrupted sugar production within the countries of the EU where sugar production is feasible. This is made possible through the National Production Quota given to the producers of sugar within the EU. There also exists an intervention price – a minimum amount that is guaranteed to the producers of sugar so that they have the incentive for continuous sugar production. The EU under takes several mechanisms in order to protect the domestic sugar industry. Firstly, EU imposes high restrictive quotas on import of sugar substitutes. Secondly, high amount of subsidies are given to dispose off the excess amount of supply and maintain high domestic prices. The 2005 sugar reform under the CAP of EU aims at (1) lowering the production of sugar at places where the cost of inputs are higher or where the rate of yield is low (2) to bring the export subsidies in line with rules laid down by the WTO (3) to reduce the import of sugar from the EBA countries into the EU (4) to reduce the price gap between sugar and other substitutes of sugar. The main elements of the new sugar regime reform 2006 are as follows: Over a four year period beginning in 2006/07 the intervention price for sugar is reduced from 631.9 Euros to 404.4 Euros per ton, that amounts to a cut of about 36% In order to compensate for the price cut, the farmers were entitled to receive a compensation amounting to 64.2% of the price cuts. Farmers in those countries giving up at least 50% of the quota on sugar are provisioned to receive a coupled payment (coupled with production) of 30 percent of the income loss along with all possible national aids. Unlike the previous reform, in this reform the A and B quota are coupled together into a single quota amounting to 17.4 million tons of sugar. In order to encourage the system of quota, a voluntary restructuring scheme is introduced for a maximum period of 4 years. The scheme involves buying out quota from th producers of sugar and encouraging factory closures. With regard to the management of the supply side, it consists of both the old and the new system mechanisms. An important feature is the replacement of the intervention system with a reference price. The supply management mostly depends on the private storage system when market prices fall below the reference price. The border protection measures did not undergo a change except for cutting down on the quotas and the tariffs in order to bring them at par with the WTO commitments. Non preferential import duties including the special safeguards were not affected by the new regime. An examination of the market reveals some effects of the current sugar regime reform. Although the existing reform has been replaced by a new reform, there still exist some price support policies which have the potential to limit the extent to which the goals of the reform policy can be achieved. Moreover, high import barriers will continue to shield the domestic sugar industry. The inability of quota holders to trade quotas across member states may restrict the degree of industry adjustment toward greater cost efficiency. The application of the new sugar reform regime is going to alter the sugar market for the EU. According to the estimates given by the EU commission, a cut in the export of sugar due to the due to the rules set out by the WTO there is going to be a reduction in the production of sugar amounting to be around 2 million. High cost regions like Ireland, Greece, Italty and Portugal would face a lot of trouble while the low cost regions would be in a advantageous position to increase production. With regard to trade, shipments of sugar were expected to increase to the EU from the EBA countries after 2009 but there exists certain uncertainty regarding this. Under the SWAPS provision, the EBA countries could import sugar at world price and then export locally produced sugar within the EU. Even with the lower intervention prices, very few people within the EU believe that EBA countries will be able to export raw sugar at a reasonably low price. Under the reform, only the ACP countries within the LDC group (i.e., Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe) have the potential to offset losses in their current quota exports to the EU by increasing their export volumes under the EBA Initiative. THE 2007 REFORM In order to have an environment-friendly development the various sections of CAP are monitored. On the November 2007 the commission declared that there will be a â€Å"Health Check up† on the various reforms of CAP. It gives the direction that the CAP should undertake to continue the reform process that started in 2003 with the introduction of SPS (Special Payment Scheme). It mainly focuses on three measures: Simplifying the SPS scheme. Market measures New environmental challenges. Simplifying the Single Payment Scheme According to the CAP Health Check, the Single Payment Scheme should be developed in the following ways: standardising the application of the system in order to limit cases where aid is still granted under a coupled support system; continued adaptation of the principle of cross-compliance, which promotes sustainableagriculture whilst taking account of societys new requirements; Reviewing the allocation of aid: limiting the higher level of payments and increasing the minimum area threshold required for small amounts. Market developments In order to encourage effectivecompetitionon agricultural markets, the Commission intends to review some CAP management instruments which no longer meet market requirements, in particular measures concerning cereals and dairy products. New environmental challenges This illustrates the new challenges that the CAP could contribute towards meeting: climate change, bio-energy and water management, as well as other challenges such as biodiversity.

Gideon vs. Wainwright :: essays research papers

Clarence Earl Gideon was arrested in 1961 and charged with breaking and entering a pool hall with intent to commit theft, by taking money out of vending machines. What he did at the time was considered a felony. When it came time to have the trial he did not have enough money for a lawyer and asked that one be appointed to defend him. The judge denied the request saying that under Florida state law counsel can be appointed only in a capital offense. Since Gideon didn’t have a lawyer and was not educated to defend himself he lost easily to the prosecution. Gideon was then sentenced to five years in prison. He then filed out a writ of certiorari, which is a petition of appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States asking for them to review his case. The Court granted Gideon's request and appointed Abe Fortas to represent him as his lawyer. This was a very controversial issue, because the court faced the decision of whether to go with the laws that the forefathers had come up with or grant people right to counsel so that the truth can be brought out. The issue was whether the state of Florida violated Gideon's Sixth Amendment right to counsel, made applicable to the states by the Fourteenth Amendment, because they did not provide him with the assistance of counsel for his criminal defense. The Court ruled unanimously in Gideon's favor and held that the Fourteenth Amendment included state as well as federal defendants. The Court said that all states must provide an attorney in all felony and capital cases for people who cannot afford one. Through the Fourteenth Amendment due process clause, the Sixth Amendment guarantee of the right to counsel applies to the states. Gideon won his case and took the groundbreaking step in public defense lawyers being there for people that cannot afford a lawyer of their own.